ABSTRACT
Travel reservation is an important way to improve tourist experiences and digitally manage tourist attractions in the COVID-19 context. However, few studies have focused on the online reservation intentions of tourist attractions and its influencing factors. Based on the theory of the technology acceptance model (TAM), two variables (perceived risk and government policy) are introduced to expand on the theoretical model. This study investigates the influence of subjective norms, government policy, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk on reservation intentions of tourist attractions. An online survey was conducted in China, and 255 questionnaires were collected. The data were analysed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 28.0 to construct a structural equation modelling and analyse the path. The findings show that (1) subjective norms have no significant impact on reservation behaviours under voluntary situations;(2) perceived usefulness positively affects tourists' reservation intention;and (3) perceived risk has a significant negative impact on reservation intention, and government policy is the main factor affecting tourists' reservation intentions. These findings enhance the understanding of tourists' reservation intentions and extend the TAM theory. From the practice perspective, tourist attraction operators should continue to strengthen the construction of the reservation system, improve tourists' experiences, reduce the perceived risk of tourists, and other stakeholders such as the government should strengthen cooperation, promote the reservation system, and create a good reservation atmosphere.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a major impact on global human health. During the spread of SARS-CoV-2, weakened host immunity and the use of vaccines with low efficacy may result in the development of more-virulent strains or strains with resistance to existing vaccines and antibodies. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 mutant strains differs between regions, and this variation may have an impact on the effectiveness of vaccines. In this study, an epidemiological investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal was performed, and the VSV-ΔG-G* pseudovirus system was used to construct 12 spike protein epidemic mutants, D614G, A222V+D614G, B.1.1.7, S477N+D614G, P1162R+D614G+A222V, D839Y+D614G, L176F+D614G, B.1.1.7+L216F, B.1.1.7+M740V, B.1.258, B.1.258+L1063F, and B.1.258+N751Y. The mutant pseudoviruses were used to infect four susceptible cell lines (Huh7, hACE2-293T-293T, Vero, and LLC-MK2) and 14 cell lines overexpressing ACE2 from different species. Mutant strains did not show increased infectivity or cross-species transmission. Neutralization activity against these pseudoviruses was evaluated using mouse serum and 11 monoclonal antibodies. The neutralizing activity of immunized mouse serum was not significantly reduced with the mutant strains, but the mutant strains from Portugal could evade nine of the 11 monoclonal antibodies tested. Neutralization resistance was mainly caused by the mutations S477N, N439K, and N501Y in the spike-receptor binding domain. These findings emphasize the importance of SARS-CoV-2 mutation tracking in different regions for epidemic prevention and control.